Requiescat in Pace (R.I.P.) - Definition of R.I.P.

Requiescat in pace is a Latin blessing with Roman Catholic ties that means â€Å"may he begin to rest in peace. This blessing is translated to ‘rest in peace’, a short saying or expression that wishes eternal rest and peace to an individual who has passed away. The expression typically appears on gravestones, and is often abbreviated as R.I.P. or simply RIP. The initial idea behind the phrase revolved around the souls of the dead remaining un-tormented in the afterlife. History The phrase Requiescat in pace began to be found on tombstones around the eighth century, and it was commonplace on Christian tombs by the eighteenth century. The phrase was especially prominent with the Roman Catholics. It was seen as a request that the soul of a deceased individual would find peace in the afterlife. Roman Catholics believed in and placed much emphasis on the soul, and life after death, and thus the request was for peace in the afterlife. The phrase continued to spread and gain popularity, eventually becoming a common convention. The lack of any explicit reference to the soul in the short phrase caused people to believe that it was the physical body that was wished to enjoy eternal peace and rest in a grave. The phrase can be used to mean either aspect of modern culture. Other Variations Several other variations of the phrase exist. Included among them is Requiescat in pace et in amore, meaning May she rest in peace and love, and â€Å"In pace requiescat et in amore†. Religion The phrase ‘dormit in pace’, which translates to ‘he sleeps in peace’, was found in early Christian catacombs and signified that the individual passed away in the peace of the church, united in Christ. Thus, they would then sleep in peace for eternity. The phrase ‘Rest in Peace’ continues to be engraved on the headstones of several different Christian denominations, including the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, and the Anglican Church. The phrase is also open to other religions interpretations. Certain sects of Catholics believe that the term Rest in Peace is actually meant to signify the day of Resurrection. In this interpretation, humans literally rest in their graves until they summoned upward out of it by the return of Jesus. Via Job 14:12-15: 12So  man lies down and does not rise.Until the heavens are no longer,He will not awake nor be aroused out of his  sleep. 13â€Å"Oh that You would  hide me in Sheol,That You would conceal me until Your wrath returns to You,That You would set a limit for me and  remember me!14â€Å"If a man dies, will he live again?All the days of my struggle  I will waitUntil my change comes.15â€Å"You will call, and I will answer You; The short phrase has also been found inscribed on Hebrew gravestones in the graveyard of Bet Shearim. The phrase clearly permeated religious lines. In this situation, it is meant to speak of a person who has died because he or she could not bear the evil around him. The phrase continues to be used in traditional Jewish ceremonies.

Social Work Is The Profession - 735 Words

I. Social Work is the profession by which to help others in need A. Social Workers Assess and Advocate for others in need B. They work as an intermediary to connect people with helpful services II. Older population A. Any individual over the age of 65 is apart of the older population B. The Older population is growing and there for more services will need to be utilized because people are living longer C. With more services being utilized more cost will incur D. 40% of people need assistance and one third is over 75(U.S Bureau of Census 2000), (Harootyan, L. K., Berkman, B. (2003). III. Social Workers also act as case managers when advocating for clients A.†A case manager coordinates and ensures that all services needed by the client (medical,financial,legal,etc)a are in fact provided.†( Suppes, M., Wells, C. (2013) B. Case Management involves both interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary acts (Harootyan, L. K., Berkman, B. (2003) C. A Case manager would normally meet either at a facility or the clients home in order to properly assess the clients situation in regards to he/she’s health, living conditions, diet, etc†¦. D. If properly assessed and treated by the Social Worker, clinic and hospitalizations can be reduced while increasing the overall homeostasis of the client and his/her situation. E. â€Å"A Case management model based on the strength perspective has been presented by Tice and Perkins (1998). This model follows the regular case management structure (intake,Show MoreRelatedSocial Work As a Profession685 Words   |  3 PagesChoosing social work as my future profession was a decision I made after much reflection, considering the fact that more than just a profession, social work is a vocation that I must commit to, professionally and personally. One of the main reasons why I decided to pursue social work as my future profession is that I have always been interested and passionate about social issues, particularly those I find relevant to my life. My experience living close to informal settlers in my community exposedRead MoreThe Profession Of Social Work1290 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the main purposes of my interest in the profession of social work is to gain the knowledge and skill set to effectively help, counsel, and accordingly, provide services for all individuals so that their problems and needs are met. The profession of social work can be rigorous, yet it is a rewarding career that I am ready and willing to engage in. With the career being very diverse, it allows me to devote to my community in a number of ways from working in mental health to provide adequateRead MoreSocial Work As A Profession1309 Words   |  6 PagesSocial work as a profession is a universal and opportunistic field. The field itself ranges from placements in mental health to even education. One of the most prominent and growing areas in the field is medical social work. According to the NASW, social workers in hospitals and medical centers provide frontline services to patients with conditions spanning the entire healthcare continuum. Medical social work includes settings such as hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, etcRead MoreThe Profession Of Social Work1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe profession of Social Work introduced itself to me at a very tender age. My personal interest in the social work field was solidified when I lived with my paternal aunt and her abusive ex-husband. At age 13, my traits of compassion, empathy and patience allowed me to mentor and guide my aunt when she was most vulnerable. For the past half decade, I have maintained a constant and consistent path to social work, with the hope to obtain my LCSW (licensed clinical social worker) and empower our mostRead MoreSocial Work As A Profession1826 Words   |  8 PagesWistner Social Work as a Profession University of South Alabama â€Æ' Abstract Social Work throughout the professional world has had to battle for it to be recognized as a profession and really made scholars define what a profession really is. Though it took a long amount of time and a lot of people fighting for it, Social Work has finally begun to be recognized as a profession and not just a job. This paper aims to focus on what makes Social Work a profession and what it takes to become a Social WorkerRead MoreSocial Work As A Profession1928 Words   |  8 PagesSocial work, as a profession, has developed greatly over the years. As an actual profession, social work did not truly begin until the 1900s. In the 1920s schools of social work developed uniform standards for the training and education used. These standards were developed by the American Association of Schools of Social Work, which later merged and became the Council on Social Work Education. This is the group that currently regulates curriculum taught by social work schools. In 1955 the NationalRea d MoreSocial Work As A Profession1869 Words   |  8 PagesStatement Cutley S. Thadison Purpose of social work choice of social work as a profession. Social Work is a powerful, selfless profession. We as a profession enable persons within a community achieve positive and beneficial goals. We speak for those who can’t speak for themselves while teaching them how to speak for themselves. The profession of social work is about putting the needs of others before self. I have decided to pursue social work as a profession due to my desire of wanting to help othersRead MoreThe Profession Of Social Work1761 Words   |  8 Pagesdefining social work, the phrase â€Å"a helping profession† is used quite frequently. The profession is often misconstrued with promoting the distribution of welfare. Often times, this stereotype amuses me because social work is remarkably so much more. Not only do people fail to realize that social work is one of the broadest occupations that offers various work environments, but also they neglect one of the key goals besides the act of helping: empowerment. Yes, the profession of social work st rivesRead MoreSocial Work As A Profession907 Words   |  4 PagesA) I would describe social work as a profession that seeks to help individuals, families, and groups in multiple ways. Social work takes into account benefits of society as well as individuals and therefore seeks for a solution to a problem that would be the most moral and right thing to do. The social work profession has multiple careers that assist with several issues such as adoption, mental health, addictions, poverty and homelessness, hospice care, and immigration and aboriginal treatment. EachRead MoreThe Social Work Profession2035 Words   |  9 PagesIn the social work profession, the primary goal is to aid and empower individuals or families who are faced with oppression, vulnerable in society, and living in poverty (Code of Ethics, 2008). Social workers strive to improve the welfare of those who need assistance meeting their daily basic essentials for survival. According to Abraham Maslow’s Hierarch y of Basic needs, a person requires five clusters to make them an integrated and self-motivated whole in society. The five clusters include: physiological

Booker T Washington Essay Free Essays

Booker T. Washington founder of Tuskegee Institute, he was a well know black educator. Tuskegee provider industrial training to African American. We will write a custom essay sample on Booker T Washington Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He believed that African Americans would gain respect from the white community if they had trade skills. Washington also believed that trade skills were key to economic security. He thought that economic progress was sufficient and that blacks can tolerate inequality. Booker urged blacks to accept discrimination and focus more on elevating themselves , educating themselves in crafting and industrial farming skills . W. E. B Du Bois was more of a political thinker a intellectual scholar . He help found NAACP, he also published a book called The Souls of Black Folks . Bois believed that academic education was more than trade education. He felt like Booker T. Washington was keeping the African Americans trapped in a lower social and economic class with is emphasis on industrial education. Du Bois wanted the black race to expand their mind in arts and science, he wanted blacks to work hard no matter of their career . They both was for African American to get their education and wanted us to have the same equal rights as whites. They both had different political views Du Bois encourage blacks to demand their equal rights ,Washington believed that it was important for blacks to develop good relationships with whites ignoring discrimination . Booker T. Washington had a more rational strategy it was more planed out. Washington plan was to change how other race perceived African American. His overall goal was to demonstrate to other race that African American were capable of being civilized, educated, and productive man and women in the work force. Although, DuBois and Washington had the same goal their methods of achieving their goals were completely opposite. Dubois felt that African Americans should demand respect because they deserved it. However, Washington stance was that African American should earn their respect by showing the world that they weren’t ignorant, thieves, or anything else negative that was commonly used to describe blacks. I agree with Washington approach because his strategy demands that black people become active in their own advancements. I think African American have to get back connect to their root before we can advance as a race in today society . Booker strategy can be modify because not everybody was book smart , but their some people who could work magic with their hands . If blacks could take advantage of the thoughts and ideas of our ancestors we can grow as a race . Ida B. Wells a civil right activist, she expressed herself about lynching through writing and her speeches . She help reduce the amount of lynching in the south. Ida B. Wells demanded that the whites murders of the innocent people be held accountable of their actions. She also was involved in many creation of several organizations encouraging the advancement of women and other minorities . Wells wasn’t afraid to speak her mind she was determine to make away for the black race . Mary Church Terrell was born into wealth, she was the first black women appointed to the District of Columbia Board of education . Mary was a charter member and first president of the National Association of Colored Women. She was nationally known for her support of women’s suffrage and opposition to racial segregation . Mary had many contributes, she taught at a black secondary school , worked with Fredrick Douglass and spent two years studying in Europe . She was a leader of a large protest against segregated eating places, and she was the only black women to speak at the International Congress of Women in 1904 that was held in Berlin, Germany. She was a powerful woman back in her days, took the steps that was necessary to succeed . Anna Julia Cooper was part of the feminist movement, she published a book call â€Å" A Voice from the South by a Black Women of the South â€Å". She is an African American scholar, she was the fourth black women to earn a doctoral degree. Anna help found the Colored Women’s League in Washington D. C, she was one of the few black women invited to speak on the Pan-African Conference in London. She was committed to the race and gender equality Cooper lived her life as an active vocal participant in the Women Era. Anna Julia Cooper believed that intelligent women’s voices brought balance to the struggle for the human race . Black women today should look as these women as role models, they lead the way for many generation. It’s up to us as women to take a chance to be heard and fight for what we believe in. No matter the outcome Ida, Mary and Anna took a stand as women and make sure their voice were heard that alone say a lot about their character . Many women of our generation is scared to speak out on the thing they believe afraid of being judge. Women are more powerful than they know , I think women can still uplift the black race if we came together to fix the things in the black community and work together instead of tearing each other down. If we change our mindset we can change the world. How to cite Booker T Washington Essay, Essay examples

Engineering and Science That Is Primarily †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question Discuss About The Engineering And Science That Is Primarily? Answer: Introduction The case study revolves around a low scale company that is set up in Brisbane, Australia and is working in the area of Artificial Intelligence. There are various organizations that have been set up all across the globe that are working on the same domain or in a particular area. One factor that sets these organizations apart and distinguishes them from the rest is the factor and element of innovation. The idea has been adapted by the organization as mentioned in the case study to include robotics in their technical architecture. There are three areas in which the organization works upon which include mining, transportation and manufacturing. Inclusion of robotics in these areas will result in a lot many benefits along with several changes as well. Industries and firms all across the globe are implementing robotics in their structure and there are various aspects that are related with the technology. There may be several benefits that may result along with certain risks and areas of c oncern. The main aim of writing the report is to develop an understanding on the use of robotics in the organization that has been mentioned in the case study along with its application. It is not necessary that the advantages that are caused by robotics and robots in one industry will apply in this case as well. It will be required to carry out planning and analysis activities to understand the needs of the organization before starting with the implementation procedure. The main objective of the report is to list out the benefits along with the types of robots that may be implemented for assistance in the business activities. There may also be various risks that may be associated with the adaptation of robotics that have also been included in the report in the form of legal and ethical along with the social considerations. Robotics Robotics is defined as an area and a branch associated with Engineering and Science that is primarily concerned with the design along with the development of the robots. It also includes the construction activities, application and deployment. Many organizations and firms are now developing and using robots to execute the jobs and business activities in place of human resources and entities. Robots are the tools or the machines that are automated in such a manner that they accomplish the tasks that they are designed for. There are codes that are installed in these machines and every action and behavior of the robots is regulated through these codes only. They come programmed with the algorithms so that they may carry out the activities. These are regulated and monitored with the help of a computer system. The purpose for which these robots are designed for may vary and depend upon the requirements and specifications. The need of one organization or user may differ from the other and the purpose will vary accordingly. Current Use Applicable Robot Types for the Organization The organization as mentioned in the case study works in three primary domains as manufacturing, mining and transportation. All of these three domains include several tasks and activities which opens the scope for the application of robots. In case of the tasks revolving around mining, robotics may be applied in following operations and business activities. Activities related to excavation Identification of specific gases and minerals Risk identification and dangers to human life along with creation and generation of alerts Exploration of abandoned mines Application of robotics will be significant in case of transportation related business activities as well. Management and assessment of risks Crash avoidance and detection systems to ensure that there is minimal risk involved (Koliubin, 2016). Sensors and generation of alerts in case of a probable crash Maintenance activities The third domain area that the organization works and looks in to is the manufacturing area where robotics will have prime application. Application of robots in supply chain management in the activities like sorting of the packages, shipment tasks, allocation of the packages to the shelves and their placement etc. Heavy objects may be lifted and placed by the robots (Robinson, 2015). Cleaning activities along with organization of the packages Short Term Long Term Operations for the Organization There will be short terms and long term operations and goals that will be required to be set up. Planning, analysis and development of the strategy shall be the first step that shall be taken by the organization in the area of robotics. The first phase shall include the use and implementation in only the areas that are not critical to the organization. Some of these activities may include excavation, cleaning and likewise. There shall be assessment and validation tests that shall be executed to determine the performance and related issues in the short term operations (Romero, Lozano-Guzmn, Betanzo-Quezada, Lpez-Cajn, 2014). Implementation and use of robots shall then be done in the critical areas associated with the operations that are carried out in the organization which shall be long term. These shall include crash avoidance, risk management etc. Advantages of Including Robotics Implementation of robotics will cause many advantages and benefits to the organization that has been mentioned in the case study. Implementation will result in quick Return on Investment (ROI) which will overcome the cost of set up and will result in higher production costs. Robots are the machines and will not require any breaks or holidays unlike human resources which will lead to increase in the production. Quality of the services and end products will improve as there will be correct precision that will be followed by the robots and there will be no scope for any of the operational errors. Reliability will also be maintained as the specifications will be followed in every cycle (Soffar, 2016). The overall process flow will become better as the floor space will be used in a better way. Robots will be designed with the ability to cause minimum wastes. Customer base associated with the organization will improve with the enhancement in the quality. Workplace safety will improve as the robots will be able to detect, control and prevent the risks associated with the workplace. Disadvantages of Including Robotics It will become necessary for the organization to invest in the initial phase and the one-time cost will be very high. It cannot be guaranteed that the implementation of robotics will surely cause positive results as there are several uncertainties involved. The organization will be required to invest in the trainings of the resources to make them efficient for the monitoring and tracking of the robots and to have an understanding on the steps to follow in case of a deviation (Granta, 2017). Technical faults and failures will be quite common in case of the functioning of robots as they are nothing but the machines that have been programmed to perform a specific activity. Robots will be coded in such a manner that they cause minimal waste but they themselves will be adding up to the e-waste which is a global issue. Organization will be required to spend on the maintenance and upgrades of the robots as they are the machines that will require proper care. Ethical, Social Legal Considerations Robots are nothing but the machines that are based upon Artificial Intelligence and other advanced concepts for the fulfillment of tasks and activities. There are several issues and concerns that may be associated with these machines. There are several operations that will be performed by the robots in the organization and most of these operations will involve the use of information associated with the organization. There are numerous risks to the security and privacy of the information and lack of the protection mechanisms in the robots may lead to breaching of the same (Economist, 2012). The primary resources that are currently engaged in any of the organization and the one mentioned in the case study are the human resources. Creation and implementation of the robots will place human resources at a secondary position as their activities will be performed by these machines. It will lead to loss of jobs for the humans and may also create a situation of unemployment for the people (Hammond, 2016). Organization operates in several areas and domains which include a lot many risks especially in the manufacturing and mining domains. There may be situations of artificial stupidity that may come up in case of a sudden occurrence or an uncertainty for which the robot has not been designed to deal with. The impact of such consequences can be extremely adverse on the organization as well as the associated parties (Nature, 2015). A machine works as per the codes that are installed in it and these codes are developed and installed by the human beings. There may be human resources present in the organization that may deliberately try to cause damage by installing malicious codes and programs in the robots. In the present scenario, the emotional quotient present inside a robot is nil. However, with the transformations and advancements in technology, it may be possible that the robots are designed with the ability to think, express and behave like humans. It will become difficult to deal with such machines in the future as there will be a lot of unpredictability involved. There may also be situations wherein it will become very difficult and troublesome to deal with the situations that will come up (Bok, 2012). Legal policies and laws are necessary for the enforcement of correct practices and procedures. In case of robotics, there are no legal policies that have been currently defined. However, it may become necessary in future to come up with such creations (Liu, 2012). These considerations that have been illustrated above are significant and play an important role in the area of robotics. It is necessary that the organization develops mechanisms to deal with all of these ethical, social and legal considerations before deciding to implement robotics in their architecture (Mir-Nasiri, Hussaini, 2005). Conclusion Technology is advancing at a rapid scale and there are various transformations that are being implemented with each passing day. One of such fields is the field of robotics which has advanced itself at an immense speed. There are several technologies on which robotics are based upon such as Artificial Intelligence, Human Computer Interaction and many more. Robots are the machines that are a result and end product of robotics which are coded and designed in such a manner that they have the ability to fulfill and accomplish a specific task or an activity. In case of the organization that has been mentioned in the case study, there are several areas in which robotics may be applied such as transportation, mining and manufacturing. These areas are composed of several activities which may be critical or non-critical in nature. There are several advantages that will result out of the application of robotics in the organization such as reduction of production costs, better quality and relia bility along with enhanced production speed. There may also be certain disadvantages as on-time cost that will be involved will be very high. Also, there will be enhancement of electronic waste with the creation of robots. There may be certain risks that may be associated with the robots in terms of the ethical considerations, legal considerations and social considerations. Organization operates in several areas and domains which include a lot many risks especially in the manufacturing and mining domains. There may be situations of artificial stupidity that may come up in case of a sudden occurrence or an uncertainty for which the robot has not been designed to deal with. The impact of such consequences can be extremely adverse on the organization as well as the associated parties. Recommendations Planning is an activity that is essential in every activity and it shall be made sure that planning is carried out in case of the application of robotics in the organization as well. It will be necessary to estimate the actual need of robots along with their types on the basis of the study of various factors. (Ahn, 2012). The first phase shall include the use and implementation in only the areas that are not critical to the organization. Some of these activities may include excavation, cleaning and likewise. There shall be assessment and validation tests that shall be executed to determine the performance and related issues in the short term operations. The critical set of activities and operations shall be covered in the next phase on a long term basis. Security of the information along with the processes and resources associated with the organization is also necessary. It shall be made sure that all the risks are assessed and evaluated in advance to make sure that there are mechani sms available and installed in the robots to act accordingly in the occurrence of a risk. There shall also be modes to deactivate the robots in case of mal-functioning or deviation. Such activities will make sure that there is no compromise of the security of any of the components that are associated. References Ahn, H. (2012). A Framework-Based Approach for Fault-Tolerant Service Robots. International Journal Of Advanced Robotic Systems, 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54023 Bok, M. (2012). On the Robot Singularity: A Novel Geometric Approach. International Journal Of Advanced Robotic Systems, 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53779 Economist. (2012). Morals and the machine. The Economist. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.economist.com/node/21556234 Granta. (2017). Advantages and Disadvantages of Industrial Robots | Granta Automation. Granta-automation.co.uk. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.granta-automation.co.uk/news/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-industrial-robots/ Hammond, K. (2016). Ethics and Artificial Intelligence: The Moral Compass of a Machine. Recode. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.recode.net/2016/4/13/11644890/ethics-and-artificial-intelligence-the-moral-compass-of-a-machine Koliubin, S. (2016). Robotic transportation: self-driving cars|Control Engineering. Controleng.com. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.controleng.com/single-article/robotic-transportation-self-driving-cars/56776cde87d8cbe03669ddd3ec9a30a7.html Liu, C. (2012). Target Tracking for Visual Servoing Systems Based on an Adaptive Kalman Filter. International Journal Of Advanced Robotic Systems, 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52035 Mir-Nasiri, N., Hussaini, S. (2005). New Intelligent Transmission Concept for Hybrid Mobile Robot Speed Control. International Journal Of Advanced Robotic Systems, 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/5784 Nature. (2015). Robotics: Ethics of artificial intelligence. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.nature.com/news/robotics-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-1.17611 Robinson, A. (2015). Exploding use of Robotics in Logistics and Manufacturing. Transportation Management Company | Cerasis. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://cerasis.com/2015/07/06/robotics-in-logistics/ Romero, J., Lozano-Guzmn, A., Betanzo-Quezada, E., Lpez-Cajn, C. (2014). Robotics and Road Transportation: A Review. Intelligent Robotics And Applications, 467-478. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13966-1_46 Soffar, H. (2016). Advantages and Disadvantages of using Robots in our life | Science online. Science online. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.online-sciences.com/robotics/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-robots-in-our-life/

2012 London Olympic Games Ticket Retailing Challenges

Introduction Over the past 112 years, the Olympic Games are held after every four years. This analytical work discusses the 2012 London Olympic Games. It focuses on the analysis of the 2012 London Olympic Games case study. Specifically, the treatise reviews the current challenges with regards to ticketing, transportation, and economic impacts of the games. Among the business concepts reviewed include the SWOT and Porter’s five forces analyses among others.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on 2012 London Olympic Games: Ticket Retailing Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competitiveness analysis using Porter’s 5 forces model Threat to market entry In the UK, the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games magnitude together with that of the independent Olympic Committee are well established and would easily enjoy economies of scale. The London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games ’ activities has spread across the nation, opening numerous branches in all major blocks and centers expected to host the games. Besides, the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games will serves as the only committee approved by the government to organize transportation and ticket retailing activities among others. Given its numerous capital arm of more than three billion dollars and reliable customer base, the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games has the capacity to offer affordable and reliable services to its customers. Threat of substitutes The Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games poses the greatest threat to the London Olympic Games existence and business performance. The Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games has been in the industry for longer period and is well established as it came into full operation in 2008 in preparation for the 2012 games. Therefore, Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games has the ability to offer an alternativ e perfect substitute to customers. However, in order to remain relevant, the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games has established a unique market for its customer through tailored optometry ticketing services. Power of suppliers Suppliers in the London 2012 Olympic industry have more power owing to the existence of many activities. As a matter of fact, suppliers may instigate market demand and supply variances. The London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games depends on the suppliers such as the private road contractors, ticketing agencies, and stadium construction companies. This leaves the suppliers with the power to dictate on proceedings in the games such as the ticketing prices. Power of buyers Reflectively, the amount of output in terms of turn over sales depends on the buyers’ purchasing power. The higher the purchasing power, the better the turnover in total sales realized over a definite period of time.Advertising Looking for assessment on heal th medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Olympic Games performance in the UK depends highly on the sales of the ticketing for the four main types of events and the other events. In fact, the purchasing power determines profitability and probability of success of the London Olympic Games. Fortunately, the projections, in terms of tickets sales, for the main events are already attracting almost seventy percent of the revenues. Rivalry With many customers looking for good value for their money, quality in service delivery has remained the main basis upon which customers are making their final decision to purchase the tickets. All the players in the 2012 London Olympic Games are putting measures in place to ensure they attract more customers. Therefore, the size, in terms of space occupied by business premises, defines the temperature of competition. In line with this, the Olympic Park is projected to be the largest in the Eas tern London. SWOT Analysis Strengths The stable and management team comprising of the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games and several agencies are instrumental towards providing necessary support and guidance in provision of the 2012 London Olympic support services to customers and reviewing current operational strategies in line with the demands of their clients. For instance, the management team introduced the electronic ticketing service in response to the demands of the clients. Besides, the good transport network, and sufficient amenities makes the 2012 Olympic Games very successful. In addition, the excellent organization of the security services proved to be one of the greatest strengths of the London Olympic Organization Committee. Weaknesses The games are only concentrated in the city of London, hence reducing the economic impact to a small region. This is counterproductive in terms of revenue generation since majority of its customers are from the London regi on. As a result of these weaknesses, the strategy to host Olympic Games in London has not been able to efficiently penetrate the small regions through any visible economic impact. Opportunities The 2012 London Olympic Games’ committee had an opportunity to expand its scope and ticket sales via the online ticketing strategy which was poorly implemented in 2008 Beijing Olympic. This opportunity will help in boosting the revenues and leadership position in the city of London. The online ticketing portal could be organized in such as a way that the sales of tickets are gradual to prevent the system from crashing. Threats Due to the scarcity of capital to invest in the multibillion 2012 London Olympic event, capital can only obtained from two major sources. The event may be financed by either public funds (by use of public funds-tax payers’ money) or private shares (contribution by private sources such Organizing Committee of Olympic Games-OCOG).Advertising We will wri te a custom assessment sample on 2012 London Olympic Games: Ticket Retailing Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been various criticisms as to exclusive use of either source of financing and in the near future, Games will be financed either through completely public share or through a completely private share. Besides, the rising costs of the games may cause more severe protests by Olympic opponents, if they are exclusively funded by tax revenues. Facts surrounding the case The London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games and the Organizing Committee of Olympic Games are the main players in the organization of these games. An estimated 7.9 million tickets are to be sold. 25% of the tickets are reserved for the UK residents with the other part of Europe buying 20% of the tickets. The rest is reserved to people from across the globe. Approximately ten thousand dignitaries, sixty thousand security personnel, twent y thousand journalists, and almost one hundred thousand workers will make the event successful. The LOCOG’s budget is $3 billion. The total expenditure is $12 billion. Somehow, the committee must come up with the ideal strategy to make this game successful. Key Issues The key issues are how to distribute the tickets and maximize the ticket sales without having to favor one even more than the other. The committee must also source for the funds amidst public protest of excessive taxation. The ticketing committee must establish the most cost effective way of distributing the tickets and partner with the right retailing agencies. In addition, the committee has to explore the most cost effective strategy for providing transportation, accommodation, and security to more than two million attendees of the game. Alternative course of action The direct impacts relate to the cost and benefits which can be quantified and expressly attributed to the events. Direct spending comprised of ca pital improvement of the infrastructure, operating expenditures including construction for temporary facilities, legacy activities and other initiatives. It also entail direct visitors spending including outlays by contractors, games organizers, vendors, sponsors, participants and tourists in preparation for the Olympic Games. For the 2012 Olympic Games, if firms decide to adopt the competition theory which exhibit both aggressive and cooperative behaviors then there are high chances that the event will be successful. Recommendations The main benefits that the Olympic Games offer to customers are the customized ticketing products and several seating option for every event. The customers should be treated to quick services and allowed to enjoy faster online ticket purchasing. These benefits should be aligned to the customers’ requirements such as affordable services, reliability, and professionalism in rescheduling events. Besides, the customers should be accorded individualiz ed attention which meets their expectations through the ticketing agencies.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the cooperative behavior is adopted, the firms offering support services to the games will work together towards the common goal and in the process, they will share the common costs. Cooperative behavior will enable the firm be profitable and relevant in the market. By being aggressive, they will be able to boost the bottom line of their firms at the end of the event. Application of the cooperative strategy would enable the firms to be innovative and productive especially during the Olympic preparation period. On the contrary the effectiveness in implementation of this strategy may not be as smooth as it may seem to be. This is because firms operate in different industries and therefore, incur expenses of various kinds. This assessment on 2012 London Olympic Games: Ticket Retailing Challenges was written and submitted by user Casey Carter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Moral Ambiguity in Kate Chopins The Awakening essays

Moral Ambiguity in Kate Chopin's The Awakening essays Morality lies in the eyes of the beholder. The concept of good and evil can vary with one person to the next. Certainly, a married woman loving a man other than her husband could be viewed as a sinner evil. Yet, someone may ask if her husband treated her poorly, or if she was seduced and it might be acceptable. Edna Pontellier was that woman, though neither excuse applies, so is she evil? This moral ambiguity shrouds Ednas character throughout Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening, emphasizing the theme of being true to ones self above all else, even societys views of morality. The imagery accompanying Edna, specifically her physical features, and the color yellow confuse the reader further of Ednas moral stance. Ednas physical appearance was always quite unconventional, not the typical society pleasing woman. She was not the embodiment of every womanly grace and charm as was Adele Ratignolle, but rather handsome than beautiful. A man is usually described as handsome; this depicts Edna as being somewhat androgynous, a mixture of man and woman, of good and evil. Once Edna was awakened to her self and accepted this unique characteristic she had all the men in New Orleans at her feet. Edna never completely devoted her self to any of these men either, underlining the point that she did not need anyone elses approval; she did not need a man to complete her, and she was never going to sacrifice her self for anyone. This could all be viewed as selfish in ones eyes or progressive in anothers, thus keeping Ednas character in the gray. Or yellow...Yellow was a major color surrounding Ednas appearance at her grand affair celebrating her independence. The tablecloth, a cover of pale yellow satin under strips of lacework, the candles burning softly under yellow silk shades, the yellow roses that ...

Small-Business Idea Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small-Business Idea Paper - Essay Example Advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the most popular and the longest practiced form of business organization. Some of its advantages are the ease with which it can be established and the ease with which it can be wound up. The processes are cheap, and are free from legal formalities because only establishing a business requires registration of business name and work permit. The proprietor is entitled to all profits from the business and this motivates efforts for a successful venture. Pride in the proprietorship’s success is another advantage of the form of business organization and acts as an incentive among sole proprietors. This further facilitates healthy competition among players in the form of business organization and has positive impacts on macroeconomic aspects such as gross productivity level of an economy. Simple approach to tax that treats business revenue as the proprietor’s income, is another advantage because of the low tax rates and ease of filing tax returns. The form of business is also flexible because the proprietor is the boss. Ease of decision making due to lack of formal or moral obligations for consultations is another advantage (Pride, Hunges and Kapoor, 2011). Despite the many advantages, sole proprietorship has many disadvantages. The business has unlimited liabilities and this means that the proprietor’s personal resources can be seized to settle business’ debts. The enterprise’s life is also limited to that of the proprietor and capital base are limited because of lack of sufficient security for accessing capital. The owner also suffers all the losses and this may be significant to affect sustainability (Pride, Hunges and Kapoor, 2011). Types of financial statements for each form of business organization Financial statements for a sole proprietorship form of business are income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and statement of owner’s equi ty. Income statement outlines costs and expenditure in the merchandise processes towards determination of net profit. Statement of owner’s equity traces, and accounts for, a business’ accumulated capital while the balance sheet offers an account of the business’ financial position by accounting for the assets and their sources. The statement of cash flow accounts for cash receipts and payments within an accounting period. The financial statements also apply to other forms of business organizations but their contents vary in complexity. Accounting for partnerships however includes partnership account besides these (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2011). Consequences of tax and legal implications Different legal and tax provisions apply to the different forms of business organization. Sole proprietorship is not subject to legal requirements and its taxes are treated as the proprietor’s personal income. Partnerships are subject to legal requirements such as regist ration of official business name, if the business does not operate under partners’ names, and subjection to formal documents such as article of association, memorandum of association. Partnerships’

Hong Kong Law of Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hong Kong Law of Tort - Essay Example The mother, after witnessing the series of events, called her husband Ben, the stepfather of Elizabeth who came one hour after. He collapsed after seeing the bandages on Elizabeth. John, brother of Elizabeth after being notified, came one day after incident. All three persons, Lucy, Ben and John, suffered from shock after the incident. The idea of negligence is a product of hundred of years of law making. Until the present, the idea of negligence is still very much open to interpretations by the court. Although there have several attempts in the past to come up with criteria for negligence, the‘ categories of negligence are never closed.’1 Although the courts wanted a rule by which to judge conduct, they wanted the rule to be flexible enough so that the rule could be applied in various circumstances. Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson, the courts were initially quite reluctant to apply it as a criterion of general application in every case of negligence. Instead, they ad opted a case by case approach, thus restricting the imposition of liability to only few situations of negligence. 2 Negligence is generally defined as the failure to use ordinary care. A person fails to use ordinary care if he/she does something that a person of ordinary prudence would not have done under the same or similar circumstances. Failure to use ordinary care can also occur by omission, or failing to do something which a person of ordinary prudence would have done under the same or similar circumstances. Negligence, then, is a judgment of both acts and omissions.

Political Assassination of JFK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Political Assassination of JFK - Essay Example They greeted them with happiness and joy, and not a soul suspected a thing. At 12:30 pm on Friday 22 November 1963, the crowd suddenly grew wild as a sniper rifle fired through the air, making the atmosphere even more petulant than before and causing upheaval in the surroundings. As the smoke cleared and the Presidential motorcade was surrounded by the mob by scared townspeople, their emotions running amok, it was discovered that Governor Connally and James Tague, travelling suit were injured heavily trying to protect the one man sitting in the vehicle, on which everyone had their eyes upon. Jacqueline Kennedy, the First Lady was shell shocked as she heard the noise and on her right quietly fallen, lay her husband, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, fatally shot and wounded, in the heart of Dealey Plaza, in Dallas, Texas. The political assassination of JFK, the thirty fifth President of the United States of America was a shocker to the entire global community that regarded him as one of the sm artest and most influential people of all time. After many enquiries into the political situation, it has been marked as the offshoot of a criminal conspiracy possibly involving a number of groups and communities such as the CIA, the KGB, the American mafia, the Israeli government, and people like the President of the FBI at the time, J. Edgar Hoover, and the Cuban President, Fidel Castro. The official story was that Kennedy was killed at the hand of Lee Harvey Oswald who fired a shot from the corner window of the Book Depository, and was a U.S Marine who had defected to the Soviet Union. In order to understand the political motives and happenings of the events leading up to and during the assassination of President Kennedy, it is vital to first understand the terms that are being used to describe the situation. The entire event has been passed off as a political conspiracy; a conspiracy may thus be defined as â€Å"An agreement between two or more persons to combine for unlawful o r subversive purpose involving plots schemes, intrigues and collusion. The group of conspirators are united in the aim of usurping or overthrowing established political power often, but not always, in secret.† Under the same, Kennedy’s death was the cause of a political assassination which may be defined as ‘a sudden or secretive attack to murder someone who holds a prominent position for political reasons’ (Knoepfler 2010). It is important also to comprehend the kind of motives that each assassin might have in order for him to be convinced enough to kill someone of such great stature. Most assassins in history have been stirred by religious, political, ideological or military motives in order to kill someone who they feel do not deserve the right to live because their pleas and needs were not being heard by them. The motive or incentive for Lee Oswald Harvey being behind Kennedy’s killing was not portrayed as something that involved some sort of fin ancial or personal gain. Despite heavy interrogation by the police, the assassin denied all the alleged accusations against him for being charged for the murder of Kennedy as well as police officer, J.D Tippit. However, it is felt by some that enough evidence exists against him. However, even before the man could be tried, he was killed by a club owner by the name of Jack Ruby. People further believed that Ruby himself was part of the same conspiracy leading to Kennedy’s death; however he denied any such allegation and further insisted on saying that he was only trying to give

Case Study: Knee Injury Treatment

Case Study: Knee Injury Treatment Short case summary: 25 years old, female injured her right knee during basketball game. PCP evaluated her, gave her non-steroidal anti-inflammatory with P.T referral. Patient came 2 days after injury, with knee swelling and locking. . Patient pain and mechanism of injury are consistent with a medial meniscus injury. Diagnostic test: McMurrays test, was Positive with palpable click. Reliability of McMurrays test: Evans ET. al1 demonstrated a low level of agreement between the two examiners with inter-tester agreements ranging from poor for reproduction of a medial sensation (Kappa = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢0.10) to fair (K = +0.38) for lateral pain. Validity of McMurrays test: shortage of statistics in the literature increased the risk that the positive test criteria can change the test outcome, irrespective of whether the test was performed in the same manner on the same patient.1 I will change my first choice. McMurrays test alone is weak diagnostic tool for medial meniscus injury, the review2 has demonstrated that the inter-tester reliability and sensitivity (sensitivity ranged from 27% to 70%, specificity figures (29-96%) of the McMurrays test is relatively low. Another reading meta-analysis3,supported to use joint line tenderness test, McMurrays test, and Apleys test. I will add the other two tests to get strong diagnostic evidence for medial meniscus injury. Three special tests-McMurrays, joint line tenderness (JLT), and Apleys were included in the meta-analysis. Sensitivity of McMurrays test is 70.5 (95% CI: 67.4 to 73.4) and its specificity of 71.1 (95% CI: 69.3 to 72.9). Joint line tenderness sensitivity of 63.3 (95% CI: 60.9 to 65.7) and its specificity of 77.4 (95% CI: 75.6 to 79.1). Sensitivity of Apleys test is 60.7 (95% CI: 55.7 to 65.5) and its specificity of 70.2 (95% CI: 68.0 to 72.4). Another reading4 supported Thessaly Test at 5 and 20 degrees (Evidence obtained from high quality randomized controlled trials, prospective studies, or diagnostic studies). Intervention: therapeutic exercises to restore muscular strength and aerobic fitness. I found two evidences for therapeutic exercise intervention. I think both are strong evidences. First one4: The supervised exercise group was significantly better than the home-based group regarding Sports Activity Rating scale and hop tests (Evidence level B).the same guidelines recommended that, Clinicians should consider a clinic-based exercise program in patients following arthroscopic meniscectomy to increase quadriceps strength and functional performance(Evidence level B). The second evidence5was meta-analysis and systematic review reported that: No studies described the effectiveness of exercise therapy compared to no exercise therapy in non-surgical patients with a meniscal lesion. I will not change my previous decision about therapeutic exercise as the main choice intervention for two reasons: First, the clinical guidelines support that choice with level B evidence. Second reason: although the second study is systematic review, meta-analysis study It didnt introduce a strong alternative to my choice. Outcome measure: lower extremity function scale (LEFS SCALE): The test evaluate the impairment of a patient with lower extremity musculoskeletal condition or disorders. Test measures initial function, progress of function, and outcome to design functional goals. In my case I use the LEFS for medial meniscus injury outcomes. Questionnaire is asked about 4 level of performance in 20 task questions that patient perform in daily life. Minimal score is 0(complete disability) and maximum score is 80(complete functional level) Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)6:Various Lower Extremity Injuries (medial meniscus injury): MDC= 9 points. Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID)6: Various Lower Extremity Injuries: MCID = 9 points. According to, Binkley ET al6. The LEFS isvalid compared to the SF-36 in target population, and reliable. The LEFS Sensitivity to outcome change was higher than the SF-36 in this population. The LEFS is applicable for clinical situations for individual patients and research. LEFS SCALE reliability: Test-retest Reliability, Various Lower Extremity Injuries: Excellent test-retest reliability for the entire sample (r = 0.86; 95% lower limit CI = 0.80) 6. Interrater/Intra-rater Reliability: Various Injuries of Lower Extremity: Excellent interrater reliability (r = 0.84)6 LEFS SCALE validity: Construct Validity: Various Lower Extremity Injuries: Excellent correlations between the LEFS scores and the SF-36 physical function subscale and physical component summary scores (r = 0.80; 95% lower limit CI=.73) and (r = 0.64; 95% lower limit CI = 0.54), Poor correlation between the LEFS scores and the SF-36 mental component summary scores (r = 0.30; 95% lower limit CI = 0.14)6 Another reference reported that, Lower Extremity Functional Scale may be an alternative to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index physical function scale. I will not change the outcomes measurement (LEFS) for knee injuries, I personally, prefer LEFS scale for its ease way and quick appliance to the patient. More than one strong study support high evidence, validity and reliability of LEFS. : The LEFS has good measurement properties: test- retest reliability and cross-sectional construct validity and it could be an alternative to WOMAC-PF If I change the outcomes measure Ill use Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC).Comparison between WOMAC scale and LEFS scale showed approximate results of strong evidence according to validity and reliability to the both scales. References: Evans PJ, Bell GD, Frank CY. Prospective evaluation of the McMurray test. Am J Sports Med. 1993; 21:604-608 Hing, W.,white, S.,Reid,D.,et al. Validity of the McMurrays Test and Modified Versions of the Test: A Systematic Literature Review,. J Man Manip. Ther. 2009; 17(1): 22-35.doi: 10.1179/106698109790818250 Meserve BB, Cleland JA, Boucher TR A meta-analysis examining clinical test utilities for assessing meniscal injury, Clinical Rehabilitation 2008 Feb;22(2):143-61. doi:10.1177/0269215507080130. Logerstedt D, Mackler L., Ritter R, et al., Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009:39 Swart N.M. , Oudenaarde K., Reijnierse M., et al., Effectiveness of exercise therapy for meniscal lesions in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2016-12-01, Volume 19, Issue 12, Pages 990-998. Binkley JM, Stratford PW, Lott SA, et al., The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. North American Orthopedic Rehabilitation Research Network. Phys Ther. 1999 Apr; 79(4):371-83). Pua YH, Cowan SM, Wrigley TV, et al., The Lower Extremity Functional Scale could be an alternative to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index physical function scale, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 62 (2009) 1103e1111). Attending Residential Schools among Aboriginal People: PTSD Attending Residential Schools among Aboriginal People: PTSD Son Ian Lam Psychological Traumas of attending residential schools among aboriginal people Outline Introduction: Percentage of Indian Residential school students experienced abuse and maltreatment Psychological disorder IRS survivors frequently diagnosed with: Post traumatic stress disorder, residential syndrome, and historic trauma. Body: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): PTSD affect patients by several aspects: physical, physiological, mental, and spiritual. Defense mechanism of PTSD patients How the defense mechanism affect their relationship with family and daily life (inability to make decisions) Residential school syndrome (RSS): Definition of RSS Symptoms of RSS RSS affect intergeneration Historic trauma Definition of HT Symptoms of HT Difference between HT and RSS IRS survivors suffer more pain than other aboriginal people? Some IRS survivors did not be abuse while native people in reserve suffer from no freedom and abuse Only little part of IRS survivors did not experience maltreatment, most of them suffer from no freedom, maltreatment and depressed. Conclusion Experiences of IRS survivors lead to various mental problem which come with them the lifetime Those mental problem would affect intergeneration which would contribute to a vicious cycle To heal IRS survivors, first of all, we need to provide an environment with respect and no discrimination Introduction Indian Residential schools (IRS) are notoriously known as isolating and assimilating native people in Canada during 1800s to 1996. According to Robertson, a study of IRS attendee in British Columbia in 1991 indicated that 48% of former students had come across sexual abuse, 32% of them refused to answer, only a few of them claimed that they did not experience any abuse (2006). Along with the last residential school closed at 1996, the last cluster of students left the school and the government undertook the responsibilities of IRS, however, what had happened in IRS were irreversible. The experiences undergone in IRS were detrimental to those school attendee. The majority of IRS students were enduring psychological problems: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), residential school syndrome (RSS), and historic trauma (Robertson, 2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was the most common diagnosis in former IRS students, stood for approximately 64%. Symptoms of PTSD is partially similar to RSS but PTSD would influence not only psychological aspect, but also physically, emotionally, physiologically, and spiritually torture a PTSD patient. According to Sochting, Corrado, et al, the majority of IRS students conformed to the symptoms of complex PTSD: impairment in regulating affective impulses, in particular, anger directed at both self and others, chronic self-destructive behaviors, such as self-mutilation, eating disorder, or substance abuse. Some of IRS survivors also indicated that they had a chronic headache, heart problem, and arthritis (2007). Additionally, they would develop defense mechanisms to protect themselves not to experience the tragedy again, such as suppression, inability to express or acknowledge their feelings, and stopping mechanism. Suppression is a mechanism that would contribute to gap memo ries and patients would become apartness and inferior; and stopping mechanism is shutting off their feeling or bodily functions related to the experiences in IRS (Chansonneuve, 2005). These mechanisms affect PTSD patients in various ways, for example, their relationship with other: a female IRS survivor elaborated how she hurt her children because of lacking empathy after traumatized, she anticipated her children to be perfect, all the things had to be done in a particular way and time, which was the same way she was used to be taught. One of her children suffered from anorexia later which is a disorder that people is losing appetency to eat and drink (Grant, 1996). On the other hand, their apartness contributes to their inability to decide as they also did not have a chance to make decisions. Approximately all the IRS students cannot make alternatives except as one of the alternative is good for them straightly. Residential School Syndrome (RSS) The Residential School Syndrome (RSS) is the one of the consequence after the feeling of indigenous children had been tried to close off and maltreated. (Grant, 1996). According to Robertson, some expert claimed that RRS was one type of PTSD, but Charles Brasfield defined RSSs standard and recognized several differences between these two disorders. On the other hand, there were not many RRS patients were diagnosed RSS, 6.3% of former students were diagnosed in a sampling survey in British Columbia. However, the symptoms of RRS is severe. The symptoms of RSS are as follow: Addiction of drugs or alcohols at an early age and always with anger; depreciation on dominant cultural activities; undergone a panic IRS school experience or related to a person who used to be an IRS student; the attitude to IRS is passive, anxious, angry, and unassisted; Keep dreaming the lives in IRS and tendency to feel the scenario in IRS reappear again; Feel extremely dismayed when stimulate by something or someone can remind them of their memories in IRS (2006). Besides, the patients tendency to get angry easily causes much physical abuse, their arousal sometimes lead to family violence. After long-time basis, the violence would affect generation by generation. Their next generation may also suffer from RSS (Robertson, 2006). Historic Traumas Historic trauma (HT), is defined as spiritual imbalance and cumulative emotional psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generation. Besides, HT is suggested for indigenous people as they had experienced genocide through IRS (Robertson, 2006). According to Robertson, IRS students diagnosed with HT always with those symptoms: depression, self-destructive behavior, the tendency to suicide, anxiety, inferiority, wage, and lacking emotional intelligence. The historical trauma would deliver to the next generation which is a mechanism of HT as the trauma had been ingrained in the culture and peoples memories. And people in the next generation would also underlie the thought of being lessness. On the other hand, some might say that RRS is similar with HT. However, these two are focused on two different aspects: RRS is focused on the individuals psychological aspect while HT is focused on the how the cultures affect by the trauma and how people in the communities be affected (200 6). IRS students suffering more pain than other aboriginal people? Some may say other aboriginal people also experienced a tough time in reserve, IRS survivors did not experience more pain than other aboriginal people (Robertson, 2006). Virtually, some of former IRS students were living well without problems and aboriginal people in reserves were also undergone abuse and had the tendency to suicide. However, those were a rare part of people that did not experience maltreat or abuse in IRS and aboriginal people in the reserve did not suffer from the chronic stress (Elias et al, 2012). IRS survivors also lost their ability to learn and express feeling, while native people in reserve were not (Grant, 1996). Conclusion Indigenous people undergone a tragedy in IRS and these memories contributed to various problems on them, especially mental problems which cannot be erased and like a shadow following with their whole life. Although the IRS era had gone, we still can see the effect of IRS on generations. The majority of IRS survivors had diagnosed more than one psychological disorder, and most of them were alcoholic. Alcoholic parents may make their children feel shame while their children may also suffer from maltreatment. When the children grow up, they would know their culture was not being accepted in nowadays dominant culture and they would start drinking and suffer from historical traumas (Grant, 1996). Obviously, this is a vicious cycle but it is exactly what happening right now in the society. Fortunately, there is various way to heal with IRS survivors, such as their culture, language loss, and their mental health can be fixed but it does take a long time. But in the first place, we need to p rovide a safe, confidential environment with respect and no discrimination (Chansonneuve, 2005). References Chansonneuve, D. (2005). Reclaiming Connections: understanding residential school trauma  among aboriginal people. Elias, B., Mignone, J., Hall, M., Hong, S. P., Hart, L., Sareen, J. (2012). Trauma and suicide  behaviour histories among a Canadian indigenous population: an empirical exploration of the potential role of Canadas residential school system. Social science medicine, 74(10), 1560-1569. Grant, A. (1996). No End of Grief: Indian Residential Schools in Canada. Pemmican Publications, Inc., 1635 Burrows Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2X 0T1. Robertson, Lloyd Hawkeye. The residential school experience: Syndrome or historic trauma. Pimatisiwin 4.1 (2006): 1-28. Sochting, I., Corrado, R., Cohen, I. M., Ley, R. G., Brasfield, C. (2007). Traumatic pasts in Canadian Aboriginal people: Further support for a complex trauma conceptualization?. British Columbia Medical Journal, 49(6), 320.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Dreams and Racism Essay

Dreams and Racism in A Raisin In The Sun At most times, the American Dream resembles an ideological puzzle more than a fully realizable image. Within the confines of her fantastical, theatrical world Lorraine Hansberry attempts to fit a few of these pieces together and, in the process, ends up showing exactly how everything doesn't just snap-together all nicely. The problems in her play, A Raisin In The Sun, deal primarily with the basic nature of humans and their respected struggle's to "make it" in America. The story, for the most part, centers upon an African-American family, their dreams for the future and an insurance check coming in for death of the eldest man. Stirring into the mix later is the hugely oppressive, segregationist aspect of mid-twentieth century America. With highly oppressive external pressures, combined with conflicting ideas of happiness, the story centers on the ideological conflicts between characters. The largest conflicts result between Mama Younger and her son, Walter. Walter represents, apparently, all the things America instills in men; the desire to work hard and make a better life for his family than he had, the inability to be compassionate towards his family, an almost ignorant refusal to vary from his dream for the dreams of others. Hansberry centers here, it would seem, on the most negative aspects of "manhood". In fact, overridingly, men in this play are horrible creatures: George is uppity, aristocratic and a braggart (mentioning the curtain time in New York to a women who obviously has no idea about that type of thing simply places him, in his eyes, that much higher than her); Walter's friends are loud-mouth-know-it-all's (one of whom takes off with all the money th... ...r but, until the day he dies she will be his sister, and therefore he will always be somewhat proud of her. To me, this is an intricate human detail and evidence of Hansberry's supreme ability of crafting characters right out of real life. In the end I believe she is making the statement that the so-called American Dream is different for everyone; sort of a spiritual fingerprint of utopia. Being an African-American woman in the 40's and 50's probably had a large influence on the tone of this piece; as did being a severely closeted lesbian. Even though our respective upbringings couldn't be much more different, I fully agree with the stance she's taken. The table of America isn't level, thus causing the puzzle to shift and tilt uncontrollably. The pieces don't always fit and it is sad that so many people spend their entire lives trying to force them to work.

Keeping Up with the Joneses Essay

Society has many effects on the narrator in â€Å"Two Kinds† and Madame Loisel in â€Å"The Necklace†. Whether it is helping us achieve feats or our actions in public, we can be affected both negatively and positively. In the short story â€Å"The Necklace† Madame Loisel is dirt poor. When her husband, a simple Clerk, comes home holding a white envelope which says â€Å"The Minister of Education and Mme. Georges Ramponneau beg M. and Mme. Loisel to do them the honor of attending an evening reception at the Ministerial Mansion. Madame Loisel tries her best to look as good as she can at the reception. She even borrows a necklace to look her best at the reception, this is because of how society expects us to look our best and dress up on occasion. In the other short story, Two Kinds, Ni Kan’s mother wants her to be something she doesn’t want her to be. Whether it was opening a restaurant, working for the government, or even building a house to sell it and make a profit. She basically wants her to become a prodigy, which is highly unlikely. My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. You could open a restaurant. You could work for the government and get good retirement. You could buy a house with almost no money down. You could become rich. You could become instantly famous. â€Å"Of course, you can be a prodigy, too,† my mother told me when I was nine. † Her mother wants her to become a prodigy because of how society has â€Å"molded† her thoughts and actions. Her daughter, she is only best tricky, you can be best anything. What does Auntie Lindo know? For example, her mother forces her to learn the piano, which doesn’t work out very well â€Å"Three days after watching the Ed Sullivan Show my mother told me what my schedule would be for piano lessons and piano practice. She had talked to Mr. Chong†¦ † In both positive and negative ways society has affected me in m any aspects of my life, society has affected how I look, how I do in school, what I want to become after High-School, what I say, how I perform in sports. In conclusion, society in a whole affects everyone, everywhere, every day in every way. This concludes my essay.

Free Essays on Locke V. Jefferson. A Compare And Contrast

Locke vs. Jefferson John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government and Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence are two of the most influential writings of all time. Many countries over the centuries have used these writings as the basis for their proclamation of independence. These authors laid the foundation for the idea of the State of Nature which is the founding base of our government. The Second Treatise of Government and the Declaration of Independence are very similar in their writings, which proves Locke’s work had an impact on Jefferson. Surprisingly as it is, Jefferson has been accused over the centuries for plagiarizing John Locke. The biggest similarity between both writings is that they are strongly focused on the belief that all men are created equal and have the right to happiness. Locke explains that humans have natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Jefferson restates this claim as unalienable Rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Both works state that no one person is above or superior to another person. The natural law of man is not under the authority of man but ruled by the Laws of Nature. Also they state that those natural rights can’t be taken away because humans are born with rights that are governed by natural laws and not by a government. The wordings in both these writings are nearly identical in explaining these rights of Nature. The State of Nature is addressed in both works. Both authors use it as the basis for their ideal government. Jefferson believes that if one set of politics is not working properly under the State of Nature, then the people must break away from it and begin a new one, because this is what the Laws of Nature entitle them. Locke states that everyone is free under the State of Nature, but can also be under a government. But if the government violates the State of Nature then the government should be removed. Both Locke and Jeffe... Free Essays on Locke V. Jefferson. A Compare And Contrast Free Essays on Locke V. Jefferson. A Compare And Contrast Locke vs. Jefferson John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government and Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence are two of the most influential writings of all time. Many countries over the centuries have used these writings as the basis for their proclamation of independence. These authors laid the foundation for the idea of the State of Nature which is the founding base of our government. The Second Treatise of Government and the Declaration of Independence are very similar in their writings, which proves Locke’s work had an impact on Jefferson. Surprisingly as it is, Jefferson has been accused over the centuries for plagiarizing John Locke. The biggest similarity between both writings is that they are strongly focused on the belief that all men are created equal and have the right to happiness. Locke explains that humans have natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Jefferson restates this claim as unalienable Rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Both works state that no one person is above or superior to another person. The natural law of man is not under the authority of man but ruled by the Laws of Nature. Also they state that those natural rights can’t be taken away because humans are born with rights that are governed by natural laws and not by a government. The wordings in both these writings are nearly identical in explaining these rights of Nature. The State of Nature is addressed in both works. Both authors use it as the basis for their ideal government. Jefferson believes that if one set of politics is not working properly under the State of Nature, then the people must break away from it and begin a new one, because this is what the Laws of Nature entitle them. Locke states that everyone is free under the State of Nature, but can also be under a government. But if the government violates the State of Nature then the government should be removed. Both Locke and Jeffe...

Design of an Enterprise-level essays

Design of an Enterprise-level essays Design of an Enterprise-level Business System There are a number of information gathering methods that can be used to determine the requirements for an enterprise-level business system. The information needed in order to do an analysis of a business can be obtained using these different methods. One method is a simple survey or questionnaire, but when using this method careful consideration must be taken when developing questions for the survey to get the desired information. You must be extremely careful about how the questions are worded. The wrong wording or a complicated question can return a false result. Cooperation of the people in the corporation is required in order to have the survey completed and even returned. On average about 30 percent of the sent surveys are returned, this is still considered a valid survey, if less than 30 percent is returned the survey will be invalidated. Another method for business information-gathering is interviews with everyone or just with key people such as department heads in a corpora tion. The one large problem doing this method is time. This is a very time consuming process and cooperation is not always there. Some employees will not tell you everything you need to know, or they can incorporate biases into information. When this happens accurate information is not gathered only opinions or slanted tales. The third is observation, or walking through the actual processing associated with the system. This is information gathered is fact, not opinion. The problem with this method is that performance of the people being observed may be affected by the presence of an onlooker. The fourth method is gathering all of the documentation or operating procedures and just using them to gather the information needed to do an analysis of the system. One problem with this method is that the documentation may not be up to date. The best method is probably a blending of all methods into one large method...

Principles of communication-111 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principles of communication-111 - Essay Example Secondly, the employers owe the employees the obligation of consulting with them concerning the decisions that are made relating to the normal chores in the performance of their work duties. Consultative decision-making has always proved to be pivotal in the management of workers. This is because the employees are allowed to express their views and concerns to the management, which in turn is responsible to adhere to the demands of the employees (Queensland Government web). Thirdly, the employers should provide all the appropriate personal protective equipment, which are required to ensure to ensure workers can complete their job safely. Protective equipment plays a major role in ensuring that the safety of workers is adhered to. Consequently, safe employees will produce more than the unsafe employees will. In addition, it the obligation of the employers should monitor and evaluate the occupational health safety systems and procedures to ensure that workers are adequately protected from work place hazards. It is the obligation of the employers to provide facilities for the welfare of the employees. The welfare system covers many areas including toilettes facilities to conducting risk assessments on the plants and equipment is used. They should also make the procedures known to the employees. Moreover, the employers have a duty the employees the agreed amount if the employee arrives for work and is able to work. The payments include the agreed upon remuneration of wages and salaries (Queensland Government web). Another major obligations is that the employers are responsible to give the employees work to do. However, if the employee is paid by commission, and the employer does not give the employee any work to do, or if not working, could damage the employees reputation. In addition, the employers are obliged to give the correct information to their employees about their rights

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE AND PROCEDURE ONLINE WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE AND PROCEDURE ONLINE WRITTEN - Assignment Example Hymon identified himself as a police officer and ordered the suspect to stop. The young man crouched at the fence ignored the officer's command and attempted to over the fence. While the suspect was going over the fence, the police officer fired at the suspect hitting him in the head. The burglary suspect was a fifteen-year-old named Edward Garner who consequently died as a result of the shooting. The officer who shot Garner was acting pursuant to the law of Tennessee and the Memphis police department policy. The Memphis police policy authorizes a police officer to use deadly force to apprehend a fleeing suspect. It provides that where all other means to apprehend that suspect have been exhausted. The police are taught to shoot to kill and not trained to shoot to wound, therefore, it is apparent that Garner's death was not accidental. Thereafter the suspect’s father brought a civil rights action against the Director of Police, the Memphis Police Department, the City, the mayor and officer Hymon. Legal point of issue The action was founded on the claim that when Hymon shot and killed Garners he violated his constitutional rights as under the fourth, eighth and fourteenth amendments. The other defendants in the case were enjoined in the suit on the basis that they failed to exercise due care in the employment, training, and supervision of officer Hymon and, therefore, they were equally responsible for Garners death. Decision of the court The court decided that the using deadly force to seize a fleeing and unarmed felon is unconstitutional as indicated by the mandates of fourth, eighth and fourteenth amendments. Additionally the court found that the rule of the fleeing felon does not violate the provisions of either the fourth or the eighth amendments. Reasoning of the court In arriving at its decision, the court reasoned that a police officer could arrest an individual if there is the probable reason that the individual has committed a crime. The fourth am endment does not make any provisions concerning how the seizure is made. The seizure should have a balance of the extent of intrusion as against the reasonableness of the manner the arrest is made. To determine the reasonability of an arrest, there must be a balance of both nature and the quality of the intrusion on the individuals interests as provided for by the fourth amendment against the importance of the interests of the government to justify the seizure. The court referred to the case of Michigan v summers where it was held that the key principles of the fourth amendment are balancing competing interests. Furthermore, the court found that reasonableness depends on when the arrest is made and how it is executed. In view of this and in light of the current case, the court found that irrespective of the probable cause to apprehend a suspect the officer apprehending the suspect must not always do so by killing him. The use of such deadly force by an officer in conducting an arres t is unmatched (Kevin, Rick, & Betsy 2007). The fundamental interest of the suspect is his life and the use of lethal force in effecting an arrest frustrates the interest of the individual (Gino 2003). The use of lethal force also frustrates the interest of the society in judicially determining the guilt of the suspect and

Entrepreneur Interview & Personal Analysis Essay

Entrepreneur Interview & Personal Analysis - Essay Example ries have been put forward including psychological theories which try to explain the mental perceptions of entrepreneurs as helping to explain why and how they do business. Most of these theories have majored in personal traits and perceive entrepreneurs as having some unique traits from those of the non-entrepreneurs, while other think of someone’s background as being a significant contributor to doing business (Locke, 2000, pp.23-34). Others have looked at it from the locus of control point of view. An entrepreneur is also perceived to be a risk taker because from these risks, he or she reaps benefits that come with opportunities taken (Shane, 2000, pp.448 – 469). Researches carried out in the recent past have mainly addressed issues to do with macro-level environmental forces when it comes to entrepreneurship. The individual decision-making processes of entrepreneurs and how they have internally perceived what they do on a micro-level has not received much attention. What most scholars concur with is the fact that good economic conditions do encourage successful entrepreneurship and should thus be promoted if growth of businesses taking up various opportunities need to be realized. These issues will be addressed in the paper based on the information gathered from Jane Norvak as the entrepreneur in this case study or interview. 2.0 Evaluation of the entrepreneur Jane indicated that she has been in business for three years now and she started it while she was 23 years of age. This actually falls within the most active group of youths. The business is Norvak Beauty and Parlour where she deals with many customers who come for the beauty services and cosmetics. She also said that her family members are not in business since they are employed in various professions.... Jane indicated that she has been in business for three years now and she started it while she was 23 years of age. This actually falls within the most active group of youths. The business is Norvak Beauty and Parlour where she deals with many customers who come for the beauty services and cosmetics. She also said that her family members are not in business since they are employed in various professions. This puts to question whether family background determines if one becomes an entrepreneur or not (Norvak, 2011). When asked why she chose to set up a business instead of looking for employment in the white collar job sector, she said that she preferred doing business because this gave her a sense of independence and control over her affairs. She talked of being an outgoing person who loves life and would not want to be pressured for what she has not done or what she has to do (Norvak, 2011). This seems to be in line with the argument that most entrepreneurs are motivated by the need for independence and achievement of personal goals in life. The statement also is in line with the theory of locus of control whereby an entrepreneur holds a belief in the personal abilities to start and finish things through individual actions without being supervised. She said that the business gives her personal satisfaction and she thus loves what she is doing (Collins, et al., 2000).

Jungian Archetypes in Rosemary Sutcliff’s Trilogy Essay Example for Free

Jungian Archetypes in Rosemary Sutcliff’s Trilogy Essay This paper will analyze Rosemary Sutcliff’s trilogy – The Sword and the Circle, The Light Beyond the Forest and The Road to Camlann – in light of the Jungian archetypes embedded in the text: the mother, the old wise man, the shadow, and the mandala archetypes. In her trilogy, Sutcliff employed the Jungian archetypes in order to provide a new configuration of the legend of King Arthur, interweaving myth and fantasy with psychological traits. From this perspective, the Arthurian legend appears in a new light, in which the story and the secondary narratives come to represent a particular mise-en-scene of figures of the subconscious. In Sutcliff’s trilogy, King Arthur and many characters achieve a symbolic significance. The author’s main interest is in King Arthur, around whom she constructs a whole series of archetypal motifs, which account for many of the peculiar and otherwise hard to explain characteristics of the story. Traditionally, all the fantastic motifs have been interpreted as subordinated to the fairy-tale logic and such motifs as witchcraft or transgression of taboos have been attributed to the pre-Christian Celtic subtext. However, this paper will argue that the overwhelming presence of archetypal images in Sutcliff’s texts brings a symbolic context to our interpretation of the legend. The Great Mother Archetype In Jung’s definitions, the mother archetype is ambivalent, in that it can both evoke a benign and benevolent figure, but also an evil, witch-like attribute: The qualities associated with it are maternal solicitude and sympathy; the magic authority of the female; the wisdom and spiritual transformation that transcend reason; any helpful instinct or impulse; all that is benign, all that cherishes and sustains, that fosters growth and fertility. The place of magic transformation and rebirth, together with the underworld and its inhabitants, are presided over by the mother. On the negative side the mother archetype may connote anything secret, hidden, dark; the abyss, the world of the dead, anything that devours, seduces, and poisons, that is terrifying and inescapable like fate. The mother archetype can take the shape of a plethora of symbols and can become actualized either as an image of plenitude and abundance, or as a token of dark forces in man. Both meanings appear in Sutcliff’s trilogy. Significantly, Arthur is deprived of a real mother figure from the beginning. His father’s vow to Merlin, which had granted that the latter would be entrusted the child the night he would be born, set Arthur away of his real mother. Moreover, in his foster family, Sutcliff makes little to no reference to a mother figure, focusing on the male side, who was there to rear the future great king of Britain. In this context, the mother figures that appear in Arthur’s life also have the significance of a repressed longing for a mother but, most significantly, serve to inscribe the character in a supernatural lineage. The solar and benevolent mother figure appears in the guise of Nimue, Lady of the Ladies of the Lake, who marks crucial moments in Arthur’s life, endowing him with the symbol of his manhood an kingship – Excalibur – and also receiving him back in her â€Å"womb† ( the lake) upon his death. The circumstances of Arthur’s first encounter with Nimue hint to the protective aspect of the Lady of the Lake and also to her crucial influence on setting Arthur on the righteous path: And looking where he pointed, Arthur saw an arm rise from the midst of the lake, clad in a sleeve of white samite and holding in its hand a mighty sword. And even as he looked, he saw a maiden whose dark gown and hair seemed about her like the mists come walking towards him across the water, her feet leaving no ripple-track upon its brightness. â€Å"Who is that? † whispered Arthur. â€Å"This is the Lady among all the Ladies of the Lake. Speak to her courteously and she will give you the sword. † [†¦] â€Å"It is a sword that I have guarded for a long time. Do you wish to take it? † â€Å"Indeed I do,† looking out across the lake with longing eyes. â€Å"For I have no sword of my own. † â€Å"Then promise me never to foul the blade with an unjust cause, but keep it always as befits the Sword of Logres, and it is yours. † From this passage, we can notice that Lady Nimue acts as a true maternal initiator into Arthur’s symbolic coming into manhood. She has a positive influence on Arthur’s life and gives the ultimate recognition of Arthur as the true great king of Britain. Her mother figure attributes become apparent especially through the symbolism of the lake. According to Jung, the mother archetype can be translated through various motifs, which allude to the mother’s child-bearing and receiving features: â€Å"The archetype is often associated with things and places standing for fertility and fruitfulness: the cornucopia, a ploughed field, a garden. It can be attached to a rock, a cave, a tree, a spring, a deep well, or to various vessels such as the baptismal font, or to various vessel-shaped flowers like the rose and the lotus. † As the Lady among the Ladies of the Lake, Nimue enacts the essential characteristic of the mother archetype as child-bearer and vessel for the child. The lake is a symbol of the womb. Through this lineage, Arthur is belated with an ancestral and supernatural origin. This idea has usually been interpreted as the inclusion in the story of pre-Christian lore of Celtic fairy-tales. However, the uncertain origin of Nimue, as well as her unquestionable attributes of a mother archetype could suggest that the predominant ancient subtext of the story could stand for archetypes of the collective unconscious. Just before arriving to the lake, Arthur and Merlin have to cross the forest, â€Å"following ways that no man might know but only the light-foot deer;† . The forest, as we have seen in the passage from Jung quoted above, can also be associated with the mother archetype. The final, symbolic welcoming of Arthur in Nimue’s womb at the moment of his death, is also very evocative of the mother figure that Nimue incarnates: â€Å"And the barge drifted on, into the white mist between the water and the moon. And the mist received it, and it was gone. Only for a little, Sir Bedivere, straining after it, seemed to catch a low desolate wailing as of women keening for their dead. † Finally Nimue represents the mother archetype par excellence as she weds and represses Arthur’s father-figure: Merlin. There are many other symbols in the text of the mother archetype. As Jung points out: Other symbols of the mother in the figurative sense appear in things representing the goal of our longing for redemption, such as Paradise, the Kingdom of God, the heavenly Jerusalem. Many things arousing devotion or feelings of awe, as for instance the Church, the university, city or country, heaven or earth, the woods, the sea or any still waters, matter even, the underworld and the moon can be mother symbols. In this light, the quest for the Holy Grail could be interpreted as a mother archetype symbol. The double function of the Holy Grail – as vessel and as token of redemption – enacts in the story Arthur’s quest for a maternal figure. As was stated in the beginning of the analysis, the mother archetype is ambivalent in that it also displays a dark, hidden facet which finds its best expression in the witch figure. In Sutcliff’s trilogy, this aspect of the mother archetype is embodied by Queen Margawse . She is Arthur’s sister and they both originate from the â€Å"Little Dark People†, old lords of the land bearing many affinities with Celtic druidism, magic and witchcraft. This heritage is realized in Morgan in its dark, malefic aspect and she becomes an adversary for Arthur, bewitching him one night into bearing her a child. It is interesting that Morgan’s wicked actions are not motivated in the story, they are simply attributed to her witchcraft and to the fact that she abides by the â€Å"old rules†: Why she did it, there can never be any knowing; for she knew, though he did not, what kin they were to each other (but for her, she had never cared for any law, save the law of her own will). Maybe she thought to have a son to one day claim the High Kingship of Britain. Maybe it was just revenge; the revenge of the Dark People, the Old Ones, whose blood ran strong in her, upon the Lords of Bronze and Iron, and the people of Rome, who had dispossessed them. This could imply the fact that Morgan also has a symbolic function in the text, playing alternatively the role of the threatening mother figure and that of Arthur’s anima. The fact that Arthur and Morgan have the same mother is not coincidental: in a way, Morgan is a metonymic symbolization of the darker aspects of the mother archetype. The Old, Wise Man Archetype According to Jung, the old wise man figure. Can appear so plastically, not only in dreams, but also in visionary meditation (or what we call â€Å"active imagination†), that is, as is sometimes apparent in India, it takes over the role of a guru. The wise old man appears in dreams in the guise of a magician, doctor, priest, teacher, professor, grandfather, or any other person possessing authority. The archetype of spirit in the shape of a man, hobgoblin or animal appears in a situation where insight, understanding, good advice, determination, planning, etc. , are needed but cannot be mustered on one’s own resources. In Sutcliff’s trilogy, the wise old man archetype is embodied by Merlin, who acts as a spiritual counsellor and guide both for Arthur’s father and for Arthur himself. From the outset, Merlin is presented as a spiritual force: besides his belatedness with the Old People, from his mother’s side, and his having been raised by a druid, his father is purported to be an (ambivalent) angelic figure. In Arthur’s life, Merlin represents the wisdom and vision which will help Arthur to accomplish his destiny. Once Arthur becomes a true King, Merlin will fade, as his guidance is no longer necessary. In many respects, Merlin can be equated with the most adequate father figure in the text. Like Morgan and Nimue, Merlin is the embodiment of the â€Å"old ways† and laws, which heed no obedience to the Christian values and norms; he seems to embody the agency of fate (by definition, a pre-Christian theme) and represents, even more than a father figure, â€Å"the uncertainty of all moral valuation, the bewildering interplay of good and evil, and the remorseless concatenation of guilt, suffering and redemption. † According to Jung, this is actually the only path to redemption even if it is hard to recognize it. In his interventions, Merlin is never evil, but we cannot say that he is a wholly moral figure either: he is the one who helps Utha deceive Igraine. This is why Merlin is an ambiguous figure too. Merlin’s life is profoundly interwoven with that of Arthur’s: he appears in the story before Arthur’s birth in order to ensure that the child would be safe from internal feuds after his father’s early death, he guides Arthur in all the crucial moments in his life, withdraws when he realizes that Arthur has become a king in his own right, and will allegedly become resurrected the day Arthur and he will be called to save Britain. From this perspective, Arthur and Merlin reiterate the rebirth archetype: And the King opened his eyes and looked at him for the last time. â€Å"Comfort yourself, and do the best that you may, for I must be gone into the Vale of Avalon, for the healing of my grievous wound. One day I will return, in time of Britain’s sorest need, but not even I know when that day may be, save that it is afar off†¦But if you hear no more of me in the world of men, pray for my soul. † We can notice from this paragraph the similarities between Arthur’s vow to return and the Christian story. The Shadow/Anima Archetype. In Jung’s vision, the anima is â€Å"the great illusionist, the seductress, who draws him into life with her Maya – and not only into life’s reasonable and useful aspects, but also into its frightful paradoxes and ambivalences where good and evil, success and ruin, hope and despair, counterbalance one another. Because she is his greatest danger, she demands from a man his greatest, and if he has it in him, she will receive it. † This archetype is symbolized in the story by the figure of Morgan La Fay, Arthur’s fiercest enemy, who demands of him to give the full measure of his authority and courage. Not coincidentally, she is a witch, she appears as the â€Å"veiled lady†, a true seductress. But for the end of the story, we would be inclined to interpret Morgan in a literal sense – simply as Arthur’s wicked enemy. However, the ending complicates this interpretation because Morgan is one of the three women receiving Arthur upon his death: And there, where before had seemed to be only lapping water and the reeds whispering in the moonlight, a narrow barge draped all in black lay as though it waited for them within the shadows of the alder trees. And in it were three ladies, black-robed, and their hair veiled in black beneath the queenly crown they wore. And their faces alone, and their outstretched hands, showed white as they sat looking up at the two on the bank and weeping. And one of them was the Queen of Northgalis, and one was Nimue, the Lady of all the Ladies of the Lake; and the third was Queen Morgan La Fay, freed at last from her own evil now that the dark fate-pattern was woven to it end. Clearly, Morgan La Fay is just as ambiguous as the other archetypes in the story. Her final communion with Arthur suggests the idea that she does indeed stand for his anima and that Arthur has succeeded in completing the challenge that she had set for him. In a way, Morgan is the receptacle of Arthur’s darker side which he had also inherited from the â€Å"dark people†. However, guided by Merlin’s mercurial light, Arthur succeeds in repressing these malign tendencies which surface with a vengeance in the character of Morgan. Mordred, the incarnation of Arthur’s mortal sin, and of his submission to the anima has be to vanquished in order for Arthur to find redemption. The final metamorphosis of Morgan and her reconciliation with Arthur suggest that redemption has been accomplished. The Mandala Archetype In his analysis of the mandala archetype, Jung stated that: [mandalas] are all based on the squaring of a circle. Their basic motif is the premonition of a centre of personality, a kind of central point within the psyche, to which everything isolated, by which everything is arranged, and which is itself a source of energy. [†¦] This centre is not felt or thought of as the ego but, if one may so express it, as the self. Although the centre is represented by an innermost point, it is surrounded by a periphery containing everything that belongs to the self the paired opposites that make up the total personality. This totality comprises consciousness first of all, then the personal unconscious, and finally an indefinitely large segment of the collective unconscious whose archetypes are common to all mankind. In Sutcliff’s trilogy, the most obvious symbol of the mandala is the Round Table. It signifies Arthur’s destiny and enacts the circle of life that he has to complete. Quite significantly, the mandala, also associated with the feminine archetypes, is brought to Camelot as Guenever’s dowry and Merlin is the one who appears to have originated it. The Round Table is the archetype that reunites all the other archetypes, ii is the beginning and the end of Arthur’s quest. The â€Å"archetype of wholeness†, the mandala, or the Round Table reunites the supernatural aspects of Arthur’s life with his terrestrial existence. The overwhelming presence of such archetypes and the great mother, the wise old man, the anima, rebirth and mandala in Sutcliff’s trilogy gives a symbolical turn to the Arthurian legend. In this light we realize the importance of this legend not only for the enrichment of story-telling but also as a universal a expression of the collective unconscious. Works Cited: Jung, C. G. 1973. Mandala Symbolism. Transl. by C. F. Hull, Princeton University Press, NJ. The Essential Jung, Princeton University Press, 1983. Four Archetypes, Routledge, 2003. Sutcliff, Rosemary. 1981. The Sword and the Circle: King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, The Bodley Head Ltd. The Light Beyond the Forest, The Bodley Head Ltd, 1981. The Road to Camlann, The Bodley Head Ltd, 1981.